2014;3:75–80. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. In vitro triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis from stage 4 seed (S4) and the caruncle (C4) microsomal proteins, incubated with (a, c) [14C]-G3P and oleoyl-CoA or (b, d) [14C]-G3P and ricinoleoyl-CoA. PubMed Google Scholar. In monocotyledonous seeds, the scutellum represents the (a) cotyledon (b) endosperm (c) plumule (d) none of these. Its low expression in seeds has been reported [24]. Biotechnology for Biofuels Jones A, Davies HM, Voelker TA. Castor bean oil was used by the Egyptians as a laxative; a paste made from the C. Lily. TAG with none, one, two and three ricinoleoyl groups were separated from castor oil by TLC with n-hexane:diethyl ether:acetic acid (50:50:2 by vol.) Seed coat specific weight (thickness) and relative weight of the caruncle according to the relative weight of the seed coat in castor genotypes contrasting for seed oil content. Biochemical analysis indicated that the caruncle synthesizes TAGs independent of the seed. Plant Cell. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. Three RcWRI1 homologs have also been identified from castor [25]. Seed dispersal by ants: behaviour-releasing compounds in elaiosomes. We first compared the TAG levels in N. benthamiana leaves expressing different RcWRI transcription factors, using Arabidopsis AtWRI1 as a control. 2017;591:448–56. No Reference information available - sign in for access. Tissue-specific whole transcriptome sequencing in castor, directed at understanding triacylglycerol lipid biosynthetic pathways. Standards of phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC), monoglyceride (MAG), diacylglycerols (DAG) and triacylglycerols (TAG) were purchased from Advanti Polar Lipids (Alabama, USA) or Sigma (Castle Hill, Australia). Therefore, we tried to characterize the functions of key genes and transcriptional factors specialized for fatty acid synthesis and TAG accumulation in caruncles. Plant Physiol. Xu L, Wang L, Zhou X-R, Chen W-C, Singh S, Hu Z, Huang F-H, Wan X. Stepwise metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce triacylglycerol rich in medium-chain fatty acids. The mixture was diluted tenfold with fresh grinding medium and centrifuged at 20,000g for 10 min. Harlow RD, Litchfield C, Fu H-C, Reiser R. The triglyceride composition of Myrica carolinensis fruit coat fat (bayberry tallow). Plant J. The expression of other WRI1-like or WRI2 transcriptional factors in leaves resulted in no significant change in the amount of TAG. A. tumefaciens cultures containing the gene coding for p19 viral suppressor protein and other gene(s) of interest were mixed. Biotechnol Biofuels 12, 158 (2019). The castor caruncle is a non-seed tissue attached to seed. Article  A caruncle is defined as 'a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy'. Plant J. 2013;587:2371–6. Dacryocystitis is an infection of the tear sac (lacrimal sac) in the inner corner of your eye. An example of a seed with endosperm perisperm and caruncle is . 43. a wart-like growth present on the seeds of some ANGIOSPERMS, such as the castor oil plant, near to the MICROPYLE. The dominant C18:3 in both seeds and caruncles at stage 2 when the overall oil content was very low could be attributable to membrane lipids, rather than TAGs. The relative expression of the above-mentioned genes between caruncles and seeds was verified by Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR, see Additional file 3: Table S3). Phytochemistry. 1). The WRI1 transcription factor initiates concomitant upregulation of genes involved in fatty acid production as seeds reach maturity [27], and it binds to the promoter sequences of genes involved in the late glycolytic and fatty acid biosynthetic pathways [28]. 6b). PubMed Central  Because acyl-CoA is the acyl donor for multiple steps of the Kennedy pathway of TAG synthesis, ACS plays an important role in the metabolism of free fatty acids into storage lipid. The attached caruncles were grouped into same stage. Seed coat was removed. When RcFATB was included in these combinations, the enhanced C16:0 level was observed (Additional file 4: Table S4). Am J Plant Sci. At stage 5, caruncle had 10.6% total soluble sugar content by dry weight, compared to 2.8% in developing seed at the same stage (Additional file 1: Table S1). Library preparation and sequencing were done at John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University. 2004;40:575–85. a wart-like growth present on the seeds of some ANGIOSPERMS, such as the castor oil plant, near to the MICROPYLE. Our work agrees with the previously reported TAG enhancement by overexpressing AtFATB [34]. Wang G, Lin Q, Xu Y. Tetraena mongolica Maxim can accumulate large amounts of triacylglycerol in phloem cells and xylem parenchyma of stems. https://doi.org/10.1787/agr_outlook-2017-en, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1496-6. a bean and the oil derived from it: Castor beans are very toxic and should not be eaten. List of differentially expressed genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and TAG synthesis in the caruncle compared to in seed. These all supported the hypothesis that caruncle was an oil-rich non-seed tissue that could actively synthesize TAG independent of seed. All the following procedures were carried out at 0 °C. Combinational expression of selected genes resulted in increased TAG accumulation in leaves. Two sets of key genes which might play a key role on the accumulation of major fatty acids in TAG of caruncle or seed are highlighted in blue or in dark red, respectively. WRI1, WRI3 and WRI4 are active in floral tissues to provide acyl precursors for cutin biosynthesis and prevent floral organ fusions and subsequent sterility [29]. Extended incubation for 20 min did not result in obvious RA synthesis in caruncles (data not shown). The unsynchronized oil accumulation between seeds and caruncles prompted us to investigate whether the oil in caruncles was synthesized independently or originated from the seed, considering the physical connection of these two types of tissues. 1995;92:6743–7. It was, therefore, interesting to compare the gene expression patterns of caruncles and seeds to identify the gene set that contributes to oil accumulation in non-seed tissue. 2013;90:459–66. The seed has a small wart-like appendage called a caruncle, which promotes myrmecochory ― the dispersal of seed by ants. 2b). 1991;280:507–14. Coffee. Plant Biotechnol Rep. 2017;11:385–95. RcACS2 expression on top of RcWRI3, RcDGAT1, and RcFATB further increased the TAG amount to 20.1 µg per mg of dry leaves, or a tenfold increase compared to the p19 control; whereas there was no further increase with additional expression of RcDGAT9-2.

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